Easy! Convert YouTube Video to MP4 on Mac Fast


Easy! Convert YouTube Video to MP4 on Mac Fast

The method of fixing a YouTube video file into the MP4 format on a macOS working system entails buying the video knowledge from the YouTube platform and subsequently reworking it right into a universally suitable MP4 file. This may contain using on-line providers, desktop purposes, or browser extensions designed for video obtain and format conversion. For example, a person may obtain a tutorial video from YouTube and convert it to MP4 for offline viewing on their MacBook.

The power to carry out this motion provides a number of benefits, together with offline entry to content material, compatibility with a wider vary of gadgets and enhancing software program, and the potential for archiving invaluable video assets. Traditionally, the necessity for this performance arose from the need to beat limitations imposed by web connectivity and platform-specific video codecs. Having a neighborhood copy of a YouTube video in MP4 format ensures longevity and accessibility unbiased of the unique supply.

The following sections will element particular strategies for reaching this conversion, outlining the instruments and methods obtainable to macOS customers. It’s going to additionally deal with related authorized and moral issues regarding copyright and utilization rights, in addition to exploring varied software program choices and their related options.

1. Software program choices

Software program choice is a important determinant within the profitable execution of changing YouTube movies to MP4 format on macOS. The obtainable software program choices straight affect the conversion course of, impacting elements resembling output high quality, conversion pace, and the presence of bundled malware or adware. For example, using a good, paid utility usually yields greater high quality conversions and larger safety in comparison with free, ad-supported software program. Conversely, free software program usually presents a trade-off, sacrificing pace, high quality, or person privateness in trade for value financial savings. Choosing acceptable software program is a causal think about reaching the specified end result when changing YouTube movies to MP4 on macOS.

The vary of software program choices contains desktop purposes, on-line converters, and browser extensions. Desktop purposes, like Handbrake or Wondershare UniConverter, supply complete options, together with batch conversion, superior codec settings, and video enhancing capabilities. On-line converters present a handy, albeit usually much less safe, various, requiring no software program set up. Browser extensions streamline the method by integrating video obtain performance straight into the browser. Every choice presents distinct benefits and drawbacks, influencing the general person expertise. For instance, a person in search of a fast, one-time conversion might go for an internet converter, whereas a person requiring frequent conversions with particular codec settings may choose a desktop utility.

Finally, the selection of software program dictates the effectivity, safety, and high quality of changing YouTube movies to MP4 format on macOS. Assessing particular person wants and evaluating the options, pricing, and safety profiles of assorted software program choices is paramount to reaching optimum outcomes. Neglecting this evaluation can result in compromised video high quality, safety vulnerabilities, or inefficient workflows. Due to this fact, thorough analysis of software program choices represents a foundational step in guaranteeing a profitable and accountable conversion course of.

2. Obtain supply

The obtain supply considerably impacts the method of changing YouTube movies to MP4 on macOS. The origin from which the video knowledge is acquired straight influences the standard, completeness, and potential safety dangers related to the transformed file. A legit and safe obtain supply, resembling a browser extension from a good developer, minimizes the danger of malware or compromised video high quality. Conversely, using untrusted or unofficial obtain web sites elevates the potential for downloading corrupted recordsdata or exposing the system to safety threats. Due to this fact, the obtain supply features as a pivotal causal issue within the profitable and safe conversion of YouTube movies to MP4.

Sensible examples illustrate the significance of the obtain supply. A person downloading a video by a verified browser extension is extra prone to receive a clear, high-quality MP4 file in comparison with a person who obtains the identical video from a doubtful web site promising “free” downloads. The latter state of affairs carries the potential for downloading a file containing hidden malware, leading to system instability or knowledge theft. Furthermore, sure obtain sources might alter the video’s metadata or inject undesirable promoting into the transformed file, negatively impacting the person expertise. These examples underscore the tangible penalties of neglecting to prioritize the safety and legitimacy of the obtain supply when changing YouTube movies to MP4 on macOS.

In abstract, the number of a dependable obtain supply is paramount to make sure a secure and efficient YouTube to MP4 conversion course of on macOS. Addressing challenges related to figuring out reliable sources, resembling verifying developer credentials and scrutinizing web site opinions, is essential. Understanding the inherent dangers related to untrusted obtain sources reinforces the broader theme of accountable media administration and cybersecurity consciousness. Finally, a proactive method to obtain supply choice minimizes potential threats and contributes to a constructive person expertise.

3. Copyright adherence

Copyright adherence constitutes a important authorized and moral consideration when reworking YouTube video recordsdata into the MP4 format on macOS programs. Respect for mental property rights is paramount; failure to adjust to copyright legislation might end in authorized ramifications. The next outlines aspects of copyright adherence related to this course of.

  • Truthful Use Doctrine

    The Truthful Use Doctrine permits restricted use of copyrighted materials with out requiring permission from the rights holders. This exception usually applies to instructional functions, commentary, criticism, or parody. For instance, a movie research pupil might obtain and convert a small phase of a YouTube video for tutorial evaluation. Nevertheless, downloading a complete movie for private leisure would doubtless violate copyright legislation. Figuring out whether or not a specific use falls below Truthful Use requires cautious consideration of things resembling the aim and character of the use, the character of the copyrighted work, the quantity and substantiality of the portion used, and the impact of the use upon the potential marketplace for or worth of the copyrighted work. That is very subjective and sometimes greatest judged in a court docket of legislation.

  • Permissions and Licensing

    Acquiring express permission from the copyright holder or securing acceptable licensing agreements permits lawful video conversion. Many content material creators on YouTube supply Artistic Commons licenses, granting particular rights to customers to reuse, modify, or distribute their work, usually with attribution. For example, a musician may launch a tune below a Artistic Commons license that enables others to make use of it in their very own movies, offered they credit score the unique artist. Understanding and adhering to the phrases of those licenses is essential. If the content material shouldn’t be supplied below a Artistic Commons license, it’s crucial to hunt direct permission from the content material creator or rights holder to obtain and convert the video for any goal past Truthful Use.

  • Business vs. Non-Business Use

    The meant goal of the transformed video considerably influences copyright implications. Utilizing a YouTube video transformed to MP4 for industrial achieve, resembling incorporating it right into a product commercial with out permission, is sort of at all times a copyright infringement. In distinction, changing a video for private, non-commercial use, resembling archiving a favourite tutorial for offline viewing, could also be seen otherwise below the legislation, but it surely nonetheless wants to stick to copyright legal guidelines and honest use doctrines. The excellence between industrial and non-commercial use informs the danger evaluation related to changing YouTube movies. If cash is concerned, get permission.

  • Distribution and Sharing

    Distributing or sharing transformed YouTube movies with out correct authorization constitutes a copyright violation. Importing a transformed movie to a file-sharing web site or distributing copies to associates infringes upon the rights of the copyright holder. Even when the unique video was downloaded legally below Truthful Use, redistribution of the transformed file exceeds the scope of Truthful Use and violates copyright legislation. The act of sharing amplifies the potential impression of copyright infringement, rising the danger of authorized motion from copyright holders.

In abstract, adhering to copyright legislation is a important facet of changing YouTube video recordsdata to the MP4 format on macOS. An intensive understanding of Truthful Use, licensing agreements, the excellence between industrial and non-commercial use, and the implications of distribution is important to making sure authorized compliance. Neglecting these issues exposes people and organizations to potential authorized penalties and moral breaches. Training accountable media consumption and respecting mental property rights are crucial when endeavor any type of video conversion.

4. Decision choice

Decision choice represents an important parameter within the means of changing YouTube movies to MP4 format on macOS. The chosen decision straight influences the output file measurement, visible high quality, and compatibility with varied gadgets. The interaction between these elements necessitates a cautious analysis of person wants and technical constraints.

  • Supply Decision Availability

    The utmost obtainable decision of the YouTube video dictates the higher restrict for conversion. If the supply video is just obtainable in 720p, trying to transform it to 1080p won’t improve the visible high quality; it’s going to merely enhance the file measurement with none perceptible enchancment. Due to this fact, consciousness of the supply decision is the foundational facet of decision choice. Instance: A video initially uploaded in 480p can’t be realistically upscaled to 4K, leading to a blurry and pixelated output.

  • File Measurement Implications

    Greater resolutions inherently result in bigger file sizes. A 1080p MP4 file will eat considerably extra space for storing than a 480p model of the identical video. This consideration is especially related for customers with restricted storage capability or these desiring to switch the transformed file to cellular gadgets with restricted storage. Instance: A feature-length movie transformed to 4K decision can simply exceed 20GB, doubtlessly exceeding the obtainable house on a smartphone. Choose file sizes rigorously throughout convert youtube video to mp4 on mac!

  • System Compatibility

    The goal system’s show capabilities affect the optimum decision selection. Changing a video to 4K for viewing on a tool with a 720p display screen is inefficient, because the system can not show the extra decision and the bigger file measurement provides no profit. Conversely, changing a high-resolution video to a decrease decision for older gadgets could also be crucial to make sure clean playback. Instance: Changing a 4K video to 720p permits it to be performed seamlessly on an older iPad, avoiding buffering or stuttering.

  • Conversion Software program Capabilities

    The chosen conversion software program dictates the obtainable decision choices and the standard of the conversion course of. Some software program might supply extra granular management over decision settings and make use of superior algorithms to attenuate high quality loss throughout downscaling or upscaling. Using respected software program ensures correct and environment friendly decision conversion. Instance: Handbrake provides a variety of decision presets and superior encoding choices, permitting for fine-tuned management over the output video high quality and file measurement, permitting convert youtube video to mp4 on mac quicker.

In conclusion, decision choice represents a multi-faceted resolution within the YouTube to MP4 conversion course of. It’s influenced by supply video high quality, goal system capabilities, storage constraints, and the functionalities of the chosen conversion software program. A deliberate and knowledgeable method to decision choice is crucial for optimizing the viewing expertise and managing file sizes successfully when changing YouTube content material on macOS.

5. Conversion pace

Conversion pace is an important parameter within the transformation of YouTube video knowledge into MP4 recordsdata on macOS. The period required to finish this course of straight impacts person workflow effectivity and total productiveness.

  • Processing Energy

    The central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) of the macOS system exert a considerable affect on conversion pace. Techniques outfitted with extra highly effective processors and devoted graphics playing cards typically exhibit quicker conversion occasions in comparison with these with much less sturdy {hardware}. Instance: A MacBook Professional with an M1 chip will usually convert a YouTube video to MP4 considerably quicker than an older MacBook Air with an Intel Core i5 processor. The CPU and GPU deal with the computationally intensive duties of decoding the unique video and encoding it into the MP4 format.

  • Software program Optimization

    The effectivity of the chosen conversion software program straight impacts conversion pace. Effectively-optimized software program leverages system assets successfully and employs environment friendly algorithms for video encoding and decoding. Conversely, poorly optimized software program might endure from bottlenecks and elevated processing occasions. Instance: Handbrake, a broadly used video converter, is understood for its environment friendly encoding algorithms, usually leading to quicker conversion occasions in comparison with much less refined software program. Inefficient software program makes use of extra system reminiscence and can take extra time for convert youtube video to mp4 on mac.

  • Video Complexity

    The decision, body fee, and period of the YouTube video have an effect on conversion pace. Excessive-resolution movies with advanced encoding profiles require extra processing energy and time to transform than lower-resolution movies with easier encoding. Instance: Changing a 4K video with a excessive body fee to MP4 will take significantly longer than changing a typical definition (SD) video. The variety of frames and the complexity of the visible knowledge contribute to the general processing load.

  • Parallel Processing Capabilities

    Software program able to using multi-core processors and parallel processing methods enhances conversion pace. By distributing the workload throughout a number of processor cores, the general conversion time could be considerably lowered. Instance: Software program that helps {hardware} acceleration leverages the GPU for video encoding, permitting for parallel processing and quicker conversion occasions in comparison with software program that depends solely on the CPU. If the system reminiscence utilization is excessive, then the pace will probably be affected throughout convert youtube video to mp4 on mac.

The interaction of processing energy, software program optimization, video complexity, and parallel processing capabilities determines the general conversion pace when reworking YouTube movies to MP4 on macOS. Optimizing these elements is essential for customers in search of to attenuate conversion occasions and maximize workflow effectivity. Neglecting these features can result in extended processing occasions and lowered productiveness.

6. File measurement

The resultant file measurement represents a big consideration when altering YouTube video codecs to MP4 on macOS. It straight impacts storage necessities, switch speeds, and system compatibility, demanding cautious administration in the course of the conversion course of.

  • Decision and Encoding Settings

    Greater video resolutions and bitrates straight correlate with bigger file sizes. Changing a YouTube video to 4K decision with a excessive bitrate will produce a considerably bigger MP4 file in comparison with changing the identical video to 720p with a decrease bitrate. The number of acceptable encoding settings is essential for balancing visible high quality with file measurement constraints. For example, utilizing the H.265 codec (HEVC) can obtain comparable visible high quality to H.264 at a smaller file measurement, but it surely requires extra processing energy for encoding and decoding.

  • Video Period and Content material Complexity

    Longer movies inherently end in bigger file sizes, as there’s extra video knowledge to encode. Equally, movies with advanced scenes, fast movement, or intricate visible results require greater bitrates to take care of visible constancy, resulting in elevated file sizes. A one-hour documentary will usually end in a bigger MP4 file than a five-minute vlog, assuming related decision and encoding settings. The visible complexity of the content material influences the bitrate required for acceptable high quality.

  • Audio Encoding Parameters

    Audio encoding settings, such because the bitrate and codec used, additionally contribute to the general file measurement. Greater audio bitrates end in higher audio high quality however enhance the file measurement. The number of an environment friendly audio codec, resembling AAC, can reduce the impression on file measurement whereas sustaining acceptable audio high quality. For instance, utilizing a high-bitrate FLAC audio observe will considerably enhance the file measurement in comparison with utilizing a lower-bitrate AAC observe.

  • Compression Methods and Algorithms

    The selection of compression methods and algorithms employed by the conversion software program influences the ultimate file measurement. Superior compression algorithms can scale back file sizes with out considerably sacrificing visible high quality. Nevertheless, aggressive compression may end up in artifacts or noticeable high quality degradation. Choosing a stability between compression and high quality is crucial. For instance, utilizing a continuing high quality (CQ) encoding mode permits the software program to regulate the bitrate dynamically to take care of a constant degree of visible high quality, leading to variable file sizes relying on the complexity of the video content material.

Managing file measurement successfully when changing YouTube movies to MP4 on macOS necessitates a complete understanding of the interaction between decision, encoding settings, video period, audio parameters, and compression methods. Prioritizing these elements permits customers to optimize their space for storing, switch recordsdata effectively, and guarantee compatibility with their goal gadgets, whereas guaranteeing a high-quality viewing expertise.

7. Output high quality

Output high quality constitutes a major determinant within the efficacy of changing YouTube movies to MP4 format on macOS. The constancy of the resultant MP4 file straight influences the viewing expertise and the utility of the transformed video, making it an important consideration all through the conversion course of.

  • Decision Retention

    The power to take care of the unique decision of the YouTube video throughout conversion is paramount for preserving visible readability. Downscaling to a decrease decision may end up in a lack of element and sharpness, impacting the general viewing expertise. For instance, changing a 4K YouTube video to MP4 whereas retaining the 4K decision ensures that the transformed file maintains the identical degree of element because the supply video, offered the encoding settings are additionally appropriately configured. The person’s show system should even be able to displaying the excessive resolutions.

  • Shade Constancy and Accuracy

    The preservation of correct colours and the avoidance of shade distortions are important features of output high quality. Improper conversion settings or defective software program can result in shade shifts or inaccurate shade illustration within the transformed MP4 file. For instance, a video that includes vibrant landscapes ought to retain its unique shade palette throughout conversion, guaranteeing that the ultimate MP4 file precisely displays the meant visible aesthetic. Any shade banding or incorrect rendering diminishes the output high quality.

  • Absence of Artifacts and Noise

    Excessive-quality conversions ought to reduce the introduction of visible artifacts, resembling blocking, pixelation, or compression noise. These artifacts can detract from the viewing expertise and scale back the general perceived high quality of the video. For instance, a video with clean gradients mustn’t exhibit any seen banding or stepping after conversion. Choosing acceptable encoding settings and using respected software program minimizes the introduction of such artifacts.

  • Audio High quality Preservation

    Sustaining the audio constancy of the unique YouTube video is as essential as preserving the visible high quality. Excessive-quality conversions ought to keep away from audio distortions, clipping, or vital reductions in audio bitrate. For instance, a music video ought to retain its unique dynamic vary and readability after conversion, guaranteeing that the transformed MP4 file precisely reproduces the meant audio expertise. The settings should be tweaked in settings when convert youtube video to mp4 on mac.

These aspects of output high quality characterize interconnected components within the YouTube to MP4 conversion course of on macOS. Attaining optimum outcomes necessitates a complete understanding of encoding parameters, software program capabilities, and the precise traits of the supply video. Prioritizing output high quality ensures that the transformed MP4 file maintains the integrity and visible constancy of the unique content material, offering a seamless and gratifying viewing expertise.

8. Safety dangers

The conversion of YouTube movies to MP4 format on macOS presents a number of safety dangers, primarily originating from the software program and web sites utilized for this course of. Downloading and putting in software program from untrusted sources exposes the system to malware, adware, and doubtlessly extra dangerous types of malicious code. Equally, using on-line conversion web sites can result in the obtain of contaminated recordsdata or redirection to phishing websites designed to steal private info. For instance, a person may obtain a “free” video converter marketed on-line, solely to search out that it installs a browser extension that tracks shopping exercise or shows intrusive ads. This highlights the direct causal relationship between the chosen conversion technique and the potential for safety breaches.

The significance of safety dangers throughout the context of changing YouTube movies lies within the potential for extreme penalties. Information breaches, identification theft, and system instability are all potential outcomes of neglecting safety precautions. Take into account a state of affairs the place a person downloads a keylogger-infected video converter. This software program might then seize delicate info, resembling banking credentials or passwords, resulting in monetary loss or identification compromise. Understanding these dangers permits customers to make knowledgeable choices, prioritizing safety over comfort or value financial savings. Sensible utility of this understanding entails rigorously vetting software program sources, studying person opinions, and using respected antivirus software program to scan downloaded recordsdata.

In abstract, the act of changing YouTube movies to MP4 on macOS necessitates a heightened consciousness of safety dangers. Choosing respected software program, verifying obtain sources, and using sturdy safety measures are essential steps in mitigating these dangers. Failure to handle these considerations may end up in vital injury to the system and compromise private knowledge. A proactive method to safety is due to this fact important for any person partaking in video conversion actions, linking on to the broader theme of accountable digital citizenship.

Regularly Requested Questions

The following part addresses widespread inquiries associated to the conversion of YouTube movies into MP4 format using a macOS working system. The aim is to offer readability and steerage on greatest practices.

Query 1: Is altering YouTube video codecs to MP4 recordsdata on macOS authorized?

The legality of remodeling YouTube video content material into MP4 recordsdata is contingent upon copyright legislation and the meant use of the transformed materials. Downloading copyrighted materials with out permission is usually unlawful. Truthful use doctrines might allow restricted use for functions resembling criticism, commentary, or training. Seek the advice of authorized counsel for clarification relating to particular use instances.

Query 2: What software program is advisable for environment friendly YouTube to MP4 conversion on macOS?

A number of software program choices exist for environment friendly conversion. Handbrake, a free and open-source transcoder, is broadly regarded for its versatility and sturdy function set. Different choices embody commercially obtainable software program resembling Wondershare UniConverter and Any Video Converter, which supply user-friendly interfaces and extra functionalities. Analysis of software program options and safety profiles is suggested previous to choice.

Query 3: How can optimum output high quality be ensured in the course of the conversion course of?

Guaranteeing optimum output high quality entails configuring acceptable encoding settings throughout the conversion software program. Sustaining the unique decision of the video, deciding on an acceptable bitrate, and using environment friendly codecs resembling H.264 or H.265 are important. Experimentation with completely different settings could also be crucial to realize the specified stability between visible high quality and file measurement.

Query 4: What are the potential safety dangers related to on-line YouTube to MP4 converters?

On-line conversion providers might pose safety dangers, together with the potential for malware infections, phishing makes an attempt, or the obtain of corrupted recordsdata. Train warning when using on-line converters and prioritize respected web sites with established safety protocols. Using a sturdy antivirus program is advisable to scan downloaded recordsdata for potential threats.

Query 5: How does video decision have an effect on the ensuing file measurement of an MP4 conversion?

Video decision straight impacts file measurement. Greater resolutions, resembling 1080p or 4K, necessitate extra knowledge and thus end in bigger file sizes. Changing a video to a decrease decision, resembling 720p or 480p, reduces the file measurement however may compromise visible high quality. The number of an acceptable decision is determined by the meant viewing system and storage constraints.

Query 6: What steps could be taken to attenuate conversion time when altering YouTube video codecs to MP4 recordsdata?

Minimizing conversion time entails optimizing system assets and using environment friendly conversion software program. Closing pointless purposes, guaranteeing satisfactory system reminiscence, and leveraging {hardware} acceleration options, if obtainable, can expedite the conversion course of. Choosing software program with environment friendly encoding algorithms additionally contributes to quicker conversion occasions.

This FAQ part addressed key issues relating to YouTube to MP4 conversion on macOS, encompassing authorized features, software program suggestions, output high quality, safety dangers, file measurement administration, and conversion pace optimization. Implementing these tips promotes accountable and efficient video conversion practices.

The following part will discover troubleshooting widespread points encountered in the course of the conversion of YouTube movies to MP4 recordsdata on macOS, offering sensible options to resolve technical difficulties.

Important Ideas for YouTube to MP4 Conversion on macOS

The next constitutes a set of tips to optimize the method of remodeling YouTube video recordsdata into MP4 format utilizing the macOS working system. Adherence to those ideas can improve effectivity, enhance output high quality, and mitigate potential safety dangers.

Tip 1: Prioritize Respected Software program Sources: Purchase video conversion purposes completely from verified builders or the Mac App Retailer. This observe minimizes the danger of downloading malware or adware bundled with illegitimate software program. Analyze person opinions and developer credentials to evaluate the legitimacy of the supply.

Tip 2: Make use of {Hardware} Acceleration When Accessible: Configure the conversion software program to leverage the system’s graphics processing unit (GPU) for video encoding. This offloads processing duties from the central processing unit (CPU), leading to considerably quicker conversion occasions. Confirm that the chosen software program and macOS model assist {hardware} acceleration.

Tip 3: Modify Encoding Parameters Judiciously: Experiment with completely different encoding settings, resembling bitrate, codec, and backbone, to realize the optimum stability between visible high quality and file measurement. Keep away from unnecessarily excessive bitrates, as they’ll inflate file sizes with out offering a commensurate enchancment in visible high quality. Take into account using the H.265 (HEVC) codec for improved compression effectivity.

Tip 4: Frequently Replace Video Conversion Software program: Make sure that the put in video conversion software program is up to date to the most recent model. Updates usually embody safety patches, bug fixes, and efficiency enhancements. Allow automated updates throughout the software program settings to take care of optimum performance and safety.

Tip 5: Scrutinize On-line Conversion Web sites: Train excessive warning when using on-line video conversion providers. Many such web sites are unreliable and should expose the system to malware or phishing makes an attempt. Prioritize offline conversion strategies utilizing respected desktop purposes at any time when possible. If an internet converter is unavoidable, make the most of a digital machine for enhanced safety.

Tip 6: Confirm Copyright Compliance: Verify that altering YouTube video codecs to MP4 recordsdata adheres to copyright legal guidelines. Downloading copyrighted content material with out permission infringes mental property rights. Make the most of transformed movies just for honest use functions, resembling criticism, commentary, or training, or receive express permission from the copyright holder.

Tip 7: Restrict Concurrent Conversion Duties: Keep away from performing a number of video conversions concurrently. Concurrent duties can pressure system assets and considerably scale back conversion speeds. Prioritize particular person conversions for optimum efficiency and effectivity.

Adhering to those tips will streamline the method of remodeling YouTube movies into MP4 recordsdata on macOS, fostering a safe, environment friendly, and legally compliant workflow.

The following part will summarize the article’s key findings and supply concluding remarks relating to the method of video conversion on macOS.

Conclusion

The foregoing exploration of “convert youtube video to mp4 on mac” has elucidated the important elements concerned on this course of. These embody software program choice, supply verification, adherence to copyright laws, decision administration, processing pace issues, file measurement implications, output high quality evaluation, and safety menace mitigation. Correct consideration to those areas ensures a secure, authorized, and environment friendly person expertise.

Finally, the flexibility to carry out this file conversion efficiently requires knowledgeable decision-making and a accountable method. By understanding the instruments and methods mentioned, macOS customers can successfully handle their video content material whereas respecting mental property rights and defending their digital safety. Continued vigilance and adaptation to evolving applied sciences stay essential within the ever-changing panorama of digital media.