9+ MP4 or MOV for Instagram Reels? [Quick Guide]

The selection of video file format impacts the efficiency of short-form video content material on Instagram. Two widespread choices are codecs related to container information used for storing video information. Choice standards depend upon components akin to compression effectivity, compatibility throughout units, and the meant high quality of the uploaded content material. A typical situation entails customers contemplating the optimum selection for creating visually interesting and interesting brief movies on a preferred social media platform.

Correct format choice streamlines the add course of and reduces the potential for compatibility points. It ensures wider accessibility of the content material throughout totally different units and working methods. Traditionally, variations in format help throughout platforms have required content material creators to rigorously contemplate format requirements to succeed in their audience. Environment friendly use of encoding permits for higher high quality video with decrease file sizes, which helps viewers with restricted bandwidth.

Subsequent sections will study particular technical concerns, together with codec choice, decision optimization, and the affect of body charges, to supply an in depth information for delivering a superior viewing expertise. Understanding these ideas allows creators to provide high-quality, visually interesting movies tailor-made for optimum playback.

1. Compatibility

Compatibility dictates the accessibility of video content material throughout numerous units and working methods. When producing content material for Instagram Reels, the chosen file format straight influences the chance of seamless playback for a large viewers. The format acts as a container; selecting one extensively supported prevents errors akin to playback failure or degraded efficiency. For instance, if a consumer encodes a Reel in a much less widespread format, a good portion of viewers might encounter difficulties viewing it on their smartphones or tablets. Conversely, a format universally acknowledged by the platform ensures broader accessibility, bettering viewer engagement and content material attain. A format with inherent compatibility reduces troubleshooting and help calls for for the content material creator.

A selected occasion highlighting the significance of compatibility entails older Android units, which can not natively help sure superior video codecs. Ought to the Reel be encoded utilizing such a codec, viewers on these units expertise playback points. This restricts viewership and diminishes the general effectiveness of the content material. Conversely, when a Reel adheres to the format specs beneficial by Instagram, compatibility considerations are minimized, and the video is accessible to a higher proportion of the potential viewers, no matter the machine or working system they make use of. The sensible implications vary from enhanced viewers attain to improved content material consumption charges.

In abstract, compatibility is a important part within the workflow for producing Reels. Optimizing for this issue considerably impacts the distribution and success of the video content material. Addressing compatibility challenges throughout manufacturing ensures that the ultimate product is instantly accessible to the audience, no matter their machine configuration, straight contributing to a extra constructive and widespread viewing expertise. Overlooking compatibility introduces limitations to content material consumption, limiting attain and hindering the meant affect.

2. Compression Effectivity

Compression effectivity straight impacts the feasibility of utilizing totally different video codecs for Instagram Reels. The time period refers back to the functionality of a codec, employed inside the container format, to scale back file dimension with out considerably compromising visible high quality. Codecs providing superior compression enable content material creators to add higher-resolution movies, or movies with extra intricate visible particulars, whereas adhering to Instagram’s file dimension and information charge constraints. Inefficient compression, conversely, forces creators to sacrifice visible constancy or shorten the period of their Reels to fulfill platform necessities. The selection between codecs influences the steadiness between content material high quality and accessibility, significantly for customers with restricted bandwidth.

A codecs skill to effectively compress video information interprets to a number of sensible advantages. Smaller file sizes result in sooner add instances, decreasing the ready interval for creators and enhancing the general consumer expertise. Moreover, compressed information eat much less space for storing on servers, lowering operational prices for the platform. Environment friendly compression additionally minimizes buffering and playback points for viewers, particularly these on cellular networks, contributing to a extra seamless consumption expertise. Take into account a Reel containing detailed animation; a codec demonstrating superior compression would protect extra of the intricate element whereas sustaining a manageable file dimension, main to raised viewer engagement.

In conclusion, the interaction between video format and compression effectivity considerably shapes the creation and distribution of content material on Instagram Reels. Codecs that steadiness picture high quality with file dimension constraints are favored because of their skill to ship visually partaking experiences with out compromising accessibility. The choice of an appropriate format, contemplating its codec’s compression capabilities, represents a vital step in optimizing short-form video content material for efficient distribution and viewer enjoyment. Future developments in video codec expertise will probably additional improve compression capabilities, driving improved visible high quality and accessibility on platforms like Instagram.

3. File Measurement

File dimension performs a pivotal function in figuring out the suitability of video content material for Instagram Reels. Constraints imposed by the platform necessitate cautious consideration of file dimension limitations when encoding video. Exceeding these limits might end in rejection of the add or necessitate additional compression, probably degrading visible high quality. The number of the container format, whether or not one or the opposite, straight impacts the ultimate file dimension of the Reel.

• Most Add Restrict

  Instagram imposes a most file dimension for Reels, affecting the size and high quality of video content material. This restrict, topic to alter, forces content material creators to steadiness video period, decision, and compression to stay inside the permissible vary. Exceeding the restrict prevents add, demanding reconsideration of encoding parameters.

• Affect on Add Pace

  Bigger information require extra bandwidth and time for importing. Customers with slower web connections expertise prolonged add instances, probably discouraging them from sharing content material. File dimension optimization ensures faster uploads, bettering consumer expertise and selling higher content material creation and distribution.

• Storage Concerns

  Whereas the file resides on the platform after add, creators usually keep native copies. Giant file sizes eat vital space for storing on native units, impacting obtainable storage capability. Environment friendly file dimension administration aids in conserving storage sources on each consumer units and the platform’s servers.

• Information Consumption for Viewers

  Viewers streaming Reels eat information. Bigger file sizes translate to elevated information consumption, significantly regarding for customers on restricted information plans. Optimizing file dimension reduces information utilization, enhancing accessibility and minimizing the potential for viewers to incur extreme information fees.

The interaction between file dimension, video high quality, and consumer expertise underscores the significance of environment friendly encoding practices for Instagram Reels. The format selection, encoding settings, and content material complexity should be rigorously thought of to provide Reels that adhere to platform limitations whereas sustaining acceptable visible high quality and minimizing information consumption. A practical method to file dimension administration is essential for maximizing attain and engagement on the platform.

4. Codec Assist

Codec help represents a basic side of video encoding, and its relevance to short-form video content material is simple. Codecs decide how video and audio information are compressed and decompressed, impacting each file dimension and visible high quality. The selection between container codecs, inherently influences codec compatibility, straight affecting the playback success of Instagram Reels. Subsequently, when contemplating which format to make use of, consciousness of supported codecs is paramount. For example, the H.264 codec, extensively supported throughout units, is regularly used inside the specified container file format. Utilizing unsupported or much less widespread codecs can result in playback errors, limiting the attain of the Reel.

The sensible implications of codec help are substantial. Instagram transcode uploaded movies to make sure compatibility. Nonetheless, utilizing a codec that aligns with the platform’s preferences reduces the chance of extreme re-encoding, preserving the unique visible high quality. Conversely, utilizing a much less environment friendly codec may end up in elevated file sizes, longer add instances, and potential degradation of the video because of aggressive re-encoding. A typical instance entails content material creators utilizing older codecs; whereas technically useful, these codecs usually produce bigger information with inferior picture high quality in comparison with newer, extra environment friendly codecs. Optimizing codec choice due to this fact streamlines the content material creation workflow and ensures optimum visible high quality for the audience.

In abstract, codec help stands as a important consider optimizing video information for Instagram Reels. Choosing a extensively supported and environment friendly codec inside the chosen file format ensures broad accessibility, minimizes re-encoding artifacts, and ensures a steadiness between file dimension and visible high quality. This resolution straight impacts the viewing expertise and, consequently, the success of the content material. Understanding these technical underpinnings empowers content material creators to make knowledgeable selections, bettering the general high quality and attain of their video content material.

5. Picture High quality

Picture high quality kinds a cornerstone of engagement and visible attraction inside the context of short-form video content material. The choice between container codecs straight influences the potential visible constancy achievable in Instagram Reels. Optimum selections steadiness file dimension constraints with the will to protect element, sharpness, and colour accuracy. Compromises in picture high quality might diminish the viewer expertise, decreasing the general affect of the video.

• Decision and Sharpness

  Decision dictates the variety of pixels composing the picture, influencing the extent of element seen. Greater resolutions usually yield sharper photographs, permitting viewers to discern finer particulars. Nonetheless, elevated decision correlates with bigger file sizes. Throughout the context of short-form video, the aim is to maximise decision inside platform-imposed file dimension limits. Inadequate decision ends in pixelation or blurring, detracting from the visible attraction. For example, filming in 4K and downscaling to 1080p can retain element. Conversely, encoding in 720p might sacrifice readability.

• Coloration Depth and Accuracy

  Coloration depth determines the vary of colours reproducible in a picture. Greater colour depths allow extra nuanced colour gradations and transitions, enhancing visible realism. Correct colour illustration ensures that colours seem as meant, avoiding undesirable shifts or distortions. The format’s capabilities affect colour depth; sure codecs help wider colour gamuts than others. Errors in colour illustration can distort the meant aesthetic or temper of the video, negatively impacting the viewer’s notion. Correct colour grading instruments will guarantee correct colour depths.

• Compression Artifacts

  Compression, crucial for managing file sizes, can introduce artifacts that degrade picture high quality. These artifacts manifest as blockiness, banding, or blurring, diminishing the visible constancy. The diploma of compression and the effectivity of the codec employed decide the severity of those artifacts. Whereas unavoidable to some extent, the number of a high-quality codec and cautious adjustment of compression settings can reduce their affect. Extreme compression can render the video visually unappealing, no matter its content material or composition. Artifacts might happen extra usually when utilizing extra aggressive compression in video manufacturing.

• Bitrate Allocation

  Bitrate, measured in bits per second (bps), determines the quantity of knowledge allotted to every second of video. Greater bitrates usually end in higher picture high quality, as extra information is obtainable to symbolize the video data. Nonetheless, elevated bitrate additionally corresponds to bigger file sizes. Efficient bitrate allocation entails distributing information strategically, prioritizing visually advanced scenes and minimizing information allocation to static or much less important areas. Inadequate bitrate results in information hunger, leading to compression artifacts and lowered picture high quality. Balancing the video bitrate is a vital factor in reaching picture.

The interaction between decision, colour depth, compression artifacts, and bitrate finally dictates the perceived picture high quality. The selection of format and subsequent encoding parameters should contemplate these components, aiming to optimize visible constancy whereas adhering to platform limitations. Maximizing picture high quality inside these constraints is important for producing partaking, visually interesting Reels. A steadiness should be achieved with a view to maximize picture output and cut back information utilization.

6. Encoding Pace

Encoding velocity represents a important issue within the manufacturing workflow for Instagram Reels, influencing the time required to transform uncooked video footage right into a platform-compatible format. The selection of container format, together with chosen codecs and encoding settings, considerably impacts the general processing period. Sooner encoding speeds streamline the creation course of, enabling content material creators to provide and share Reels extra effectively. Conversely, slower encoding speeds might introduce bottlenecks, delaying content material launch.

• Codec Complexity

  The computational complexity of the chosen codec straight influences encoding velocity. Superior codecs, providing superior compression effectivity, usually require extra processing energy, resulting in slower encoding instances. Conversely, easier codecs, whereas encoding sooner, might compromise picture high quality or end in bigger file sizes. For instance, the H.265 codec, identified for its environment friendly compression, usually encodes slower than the older H.264 codec. Choosing an acceptable steadiness between codec complexity and encoding velocity is essential for optimizing workflow.

• {Hardware} Acceleration

  {Hardware} acceleration leverages specialised {hardware} elements, akin to GPUs, to expedite the encoding course of. Offloading encoding duties to devoted {hardware} frees up CPU sources, considerably decreasing processing instances. Software program encoding depends solely on CPU energy, leading to slower efficiency. The supply and utilization of {hardware} acceleration capabilities differ relying on the encoding software program and system configuration. Correctly configured {hardware} acceleration can drastically cut back encoding instances.

• Decision and Bitrate

  Greater decision and bitrate settings demand extra processing energy throughout encoding, extending the encoding period. Encoding a 4K Reel, as an example, requires significantly extra time than encoding a 1080p Reel. Equally, greater bitrates necessitate processing a higher quantity of knowledge per second, impacting encoding velocity. Optimizing decision and bitrate settings, balancing visible high quality with encoding effectivity, is important for streamlining workflow.

• Software program Effectivity

  The effectivity of the encoding software program itself performs a task in figuring out encoding velocity. Properly-optimized software program makes use of system sources successfully, minimizing processing overhead and maximizing encoding efficiency. Inefficient software program, however, might introduce bottlenecks, slowing down the encoding course of. Totally different software program packages make use of various encoding algorithms and optimization strategies, leading to disparities in encoding velocity. Choosing environment friendly encoding software program is essential for maximizing workflow effectivity.

Encoding velocity, due to this fact, isn’t merely a matter of comfort however an element that shapes the practicality of content material creation. By contemplating the codec complexity, {hardware} acceleration, decision, and software program effectivity, content material creators can optimize their encoding workflow for producing Instagram Reels. Attaining a sooner workflow may end up in a aggressive benefit within the fast-paced world of short-form video, guaranteeing well timed content material supply and maximizing engagement. Choosing acceptable settings and parameters will end in greater effectivity of knowledge processing.

7. Platform Optimization

Platform optimization, relating to the selection between video container codecs, straight impacts the success and attain of short-form video content material. Tailoring content material to fulfill the particular necessities and algorithms of a platform akin to Instagram is important for maximizing visibility and engagement. Components akin to video decision, side ratio, file dimension, and codec compatibility should be rigorously thought of to make sure optimum efficiency.

• Adherence to Technical Specs

  Instagram, like most social media platforms, imposes technical specs on uploaded video content material. These specs embody limitations on decision, body charge, bitrate, and file dimension. Failure to stick to those specs might end in compression artifacts, playback points, or outright rejection of the add. When making ready Reels, it’s essential to encode the video in a format that aligns with these platform-specific necessities, guaranteeing clean playback and optimum visible high quality. For instance, exceeding the utmost file dimension might pressure the platform to re-encode the video, resulting in a lack of visible element.

• Algorithm Visibility

  Social media platforms make the most of algorithms to find out which content material is exhibited to customers. These algorithms contemplate varied components, together with video engagement, relevance, and high quality. Optimizing video content material to align with algorithmic preferences can considerably enhance visibility and attain. Components akin to side ratio, thumbnail design, and caption relevance contribute to algorithmic rating. When selecting between video codecs, choosing one that’s simply processed and listed by the platform’s algorithm can enhance discoverability. Movies that don’t meet the required specs can have a tougher time reaching the highest of the platform’s algorithm.

• Cell Optimization

  Instagram is primarily a cellular platform, making cellular optimization paramount. Video content material should be optimized for viewing on smartphones and tablets, contemplating components akin to display dimension, decision, and information consumption. Smaller file sizes are important for minimizing information utilization and guaranteeing clean playback on cellular networks. Codecs that supply environment friendly compression with out sacrificing visible high quality are advantageous. Cell units will even play Reels with a restricted reminiscence cache, so environment friendly reminiscence utilization is important.

• Consumer Expertise

  Finally, platform optimization goals to reinforce the consumer expertise. Content material that hundreds rapidly, performs easily, and appears visually interesting is extra prone to have interaction viewers. Optimizing video content material for Instagram entails balancing visible high quality, file dimension, and compatibility to ship a seamless viewing expertise. Adverse experiences, akin to buffering, playback errors, or low-resolution video, can deter viewers and cut back general engagement. It can be crucial that consumer interfaces on cellular units operate effectively and correctly.

The method of choosing an sufficient file format is straight tied to platform optimization. By adhering to technical specs, aligning with algorithmic preferences, prioritizing cellular optimization, and enhancing the consumer expertise, content material creators can maximize the affect and attain of their Instagram Reels. Understanding these concerns is essential for reaching success within the aggressive panorama of short-form video content material.

8. Modifying Workflow

The number of a video container format considerably impacts the modifying workflow for short-form video content material. The compatibility of codecs with modifying software program, the benefit of importing and exporting information, and the preservation of high quality all through the modifying course of are all influenced by this preliminary resolution.

• Software program Compatibility

  Totally different video modifying purposes exhibit various levels of help for various container codecs and codecs. Selecting a format that’s natively supported by the modifying software program minimizes the necessity for transcoding, which might introduce high quality loss and lengthen the modifying course of. For example, some older software program might wrestle with sure codecs, whereas professional-grade purposes usually provide broader format help.

• Import and Export Pace

  The velocity at which video information may be imported and exported is essential for sustaining an environment friendly modifying workflow. Codecs with advanced encoding schemes usually require extra processing energy, leading to longer import and export instances. Selecting a format that balances high quality with processing velocity can considerably cut back the time spent ready for information to load or render, streamlining the modifying course of.

• Preservation of Modifying Info

  Sure video codecs enable for the storage of modifying data, akin to markers, transitions, and results, straight inside the file. This facilitates collaboration and permits for seamless undertaking switch between totally different modifying methods. Codecs that lack this functionality might require the creation of separate undertaking information, including complexity to the workflow. Some editors save metadata that may be learn by different applications.

• Coloration Grading and Results

  The capabilities of the video format can affect the vary of colour grading and visible results that may be utilized with out introducing artifacts or high quality degradation. Codecs with greater bit depths and wider colour gamuts provide higher flexibility throughout post-production, permitting for extra nuanced colour changes and complicated visible results. Choosing a format that helps the meant stage of modifying complexity is important for reaching the specified visible aesthetic.

The selection between these codecs, due to this fact, extends past mere compatibility, shaping your entire modifying course of. By contemplating the software program compatibility, import/export speeds, preservation of modifying data, and colour grading capabilities, content material creators can optimize their workflow for effectivity and high quality, finally enhancing the ultimate product for Instagram Reels.

9. Cross-Platform Consistency

Cross-platform consistency, within the context of short-form video content material, pertains to sustaining a uniform viewing expertise throughout numerous units and working methods. The selection of video container format straight influences the extent to which this consistency may be achieved, significantly when distributing content material on platforms akin to Instagram Reels. Optimizing for cross-platform consistency ensures that viewers encounter an analogous stage of high quality and efficiency no matter their viewing setting.

• Codec Compatibility and Playback Reliability

  Various working methods and units exhibit differing ranges of help for video codecs. Using a codec with broad compatibility minimizes the chance of playback failures or efficiency degradation on particular units. Failure to account for codec compatibility may end up in a fragmented viewing expertise, the place some customers encounter points whereas others don’t. A universally supported codec inside the chosen video format promotes constant playback throughout a wider vary of units. For example, the H.264 codec ensures wider video accessibility.

• Decision Scaling and Side Ratio Upkeep

  Totally different units possess various display resolutions and side ratios. A video format that facilitates seamless decision scaling and side ratio upkeep is essential for preserving visible constancy throughout numerous shows. Content material that’s improperly scaled or cropped can seem distorted or cropped, negatively impacting the viewing expertise. The chosen format ought to help adaptive scaling strategies that routinely modify the video decision to match the machine’s capabilities, stopping visible anomalies. An instance of sustaining side ratio for a Reel is 9:16 to fulfill Instagram requirements.

• Coloration Profile Administration

  Coloration copy varies throughout totally different units and working methods because of disparities in colour profile help. A video format that helps standardized colour profiles, akin to sRGB or Rec. 709, helps guarantee constant colour illustration throughout numerous shows. Failure to handle colour profiles may end up in inaccurate or inconsistent colour rendering, altering the meant aesthetic of the video. Correct rendering of colours creates a extra partaking visible expertise.

• File Measurement Optimization and Information Consumption

  Various community circumstances and information plans necessitate cautious file dimension optimization to make sure clean playback throughout numerous units. Overly giant video information can result in buffering points on slower connections or extreme information consumption on cellular networks. The chosen format ought to provide environment friendly compression capabilities, permitting for the creation of smaller information with out sacrificing visible high quality. Lowering file sizes reduces information fees to viewers.

The achievement of cross-platform consistency in Instagram Reels hinges on a holistic method that considers codec compatibility, decision scaling, colour profile administration, and file dimension optimization. By addressing these technical concerns, content material creators can be sure that their movies ship a uniform and high-quality viewing expertise throughout a various vary of units and working methods, maximizing viewers engagement and attain. Additional technical implementations are always being optimized for improved video viewing.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

The next addresses widespread inquiries relating to the number of video file codecs for optimum efficiency on Instagram Reels.

Query 1: Does the video container format considerably affect the visibility of Reels inside the Instagram algorithm?

The first issue influencing algorithmic visibility is adherence to technical specs. Whereas the platform helps varied codecs, guaranteeing compliance with beneficial resolutions, body charges, and bitrates is paramount. Optimized content material usually receives preferential remedy.

Query 2: Is there a discernible distinction in picture high quality between these video format choices, assuming similar encoding settings?

With similar encoding parameters, the variance in uncooked picture high quality is negligible. Nonetheless, disparities come up in codec help. Sure codecs provide superior compression capabilities, enabling the preservation of visible element at smaller file sizes.

Query 3: How does the chosen video format have an effect on the add velocity of Reels, significantly on cellular networks?

File dimension is the figuring out issue. Codecs that facilitate environment friendly compression end in smaller information, expediting the add course of. Conversely, bigger information, no matter format, necessitate longer add instances, particularly on constrained cellular connections.

Query 4: Are there particular compatibility concerns for various cellular working methods (iOS vs. Android) when choosing a video format for Reels?

Whereas each working methods help widespread video codecs, older Android units might exhibit restricted codec compatibility. Choosing a extensively supported codec, akin to H.264, minimizes the chance of playback points throughout numerous units.

Query 5: Can the chosen video format affect the quantity of knowledge consumed by viewers when watching Reels?

Certainly. The file dimension straight correlates with information consumption. Codecs providing superior compression cut back file sizes, thereby minimizing information utilization for viewers, particularly related for these on restricted information plans.

Query 6: Is the number of a video format a reversible course of? Can a Reel be simply transformed to a special format after preliminary creation?

Conversion is possible, however usually entails a lack of high quality because of re-encoding. To protect visible constancy, selecting the suitable format and encoding settings throughout the preliminary creation part is beneficial.

Optimum video format choice for Instagram Reels entails a cautious steadiness of compatibility, picture high quality, file dimension, and encoding effectivity. Understanding these concerns empowers content material creators to ship a superior viewing expertise.

The following part will delve into sensible encoding suggestions for reaching optimum outcomes.

Encoding Suggestions for Instagram Reels

Optimum supply requires adherence to encoding practices that steadiness visible high quality with platform constraints. Constant utility of those suggestions will improve the viewing expertise.

Tip 1: Make the most of the H.264 Codec: For broad compatibility and environment friendly compression, make use of the H.264 codec. This customary ensures playback throughout a variety of units and working methods.

Tip 2: Goal a Decision of 1080×1920: Encode Reels at a decision of 1080×1920 pixels to optimize for vertical viewing on cellular units. This decision maintains element with out extreme file dimension.

Tip 3: Preserve a Body Fee of 30 Frames per Second: A body charge of 30 frames per second gives clean movement and enhances the viewing expertise. Keep away from excessively excessive body charges, as they enhance file dimension unnecessarily.

Tip 4: Make use of a Bitrate of 3-5 Mbps: For optimum visible high quality with out exceeding file dimension limitations, goal a bitrate between 3 and 5 Mbps. Alter bitrate based mostly on content material complexity; easier scenes require decrease bitrates.

Tip 5: Adhere to a 9:16 Side Ratio: Preserve a 9:16 side ratio to totally make the most of the vertical display area. This side ratio is native to the platform and maximizes visible affect.

Tip 6: Make the most of Fixed Bitrate (CBR) Encoding: Fixed Bitrate ensures a constant information charge all through the video, stopping fluctuations in high quality. That is particularly helpful for fast-paced content material with excessive movement.

Tip 7: Restrict Reel Period to 90 Seconds: Whereas the platform might help longer Reels, shorter, extra concise movies are likely to carry out higher. Goal for a most period of 90 seconds to take care of viewer engagement.

These suggestions will facilitate the supply of visually interesting and interesting content material on Instagram Reels. Adhering to those parameters minimizes compatibility points and optimizes the viewing expertise for a large viewers.

The concluding part will summarize the important thing findings and provide last concerns for video format choice.

Conclusion

The previous evaluation underscores the important significance of format choice. The choice between MP4 or MOV for Instagram Reels impacts file dimension, picture high quality, compatibility, and modifying workflow. The MP4 container, with its widespread codec help and environment friendly compression capabilities, regularly presents a practical selection for optimizing content material supply. Nonetheless, particular workflow necessities or software program compatibility calls for might necessitate consideration of the MOV format.

Cautious analysis of platform specs, codec help, and meant viewing setting stays paramount. A well-informed resolution relating to format and encoding parameters streamlines content material creation, enhances the viewing expertise, and maximizes the potential attain of Instagram Reels. Continued vigilance relating to evolving platform requirements ensures sustained optimum efficiency of short-form video content material.